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The following conditions can severely impact how your body utilizes thyroid hormone. Work with your practitioner to address these imbalances to maximize the success of your thyroid treatment and to achieve symptom relief.
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Do You Have an Autoimmune Disease?
An autoimmune disease is a dysfunction of the immune system where immune cells mistakenly destroy healthy cells instead of what the body perceives as an invader. Autoimmune diseases can create antibodies to the cells of a specific organ or throughout the entire body. While there are many different types of autoimmune diseases that can affect different body systems, the commonality is an immune response caused by such things as heredity, infections,
pathogens, inflammation, heavy metals, and/or food sensitivities that leads the body to attack itself. While addressing the root cause is critical to reaching thyroid autoimmunity remission, there are many ways in which you can reduce antibodies and inflammation with supportive care: |
Treatment |
Description |
Recommendation* |
Selenium |
|
Douglas Laboratories Selenium Innate Response Selenium NOTE: 200 mcg is generally recommended by integrative practitioners to help lower antibodies [2, 3]. |
Probiotics |
|
VSL 3 Klaire Labs Ther-Biotic Complete NOTE: Rotate probiotics every few months to populate a variety of strains in the intestinal tract. Aim for a multi-strain brand that has at least 50 billion colony-forming units [4]. |
Colostrum |
|
Sovereign Laboratories Colostrum-LD Immune Tree Colostrum NOTE: Look for a high quality bovine colostrum sourced from grass-fed cows. |
Plant Sterols |
|
Thorne Moducare Moducare Immune Support NOTE: May lower blood sugar. Diabetics should monitor their levels closely. May require a reduction in insulin requirements [12]. |
Curcumin |
|
Terry Naturally Curamin NatureWise Organic Curcumin Note: Curcumin may affect iron absorption. Take away from iron supplements [11]. |
Omega-3 Fatty Acids |
|
OmegaVia Pharmaceutical Grade Omega 3 Nordic Naturals Omega-3 NOTE: The nutrients in fish oil are fat soluble, so it is best absorbed with a meal. |
LDN Low Dose Naltrexone |
|
Available through a compounding pharmacy only. NOTE: See your doctor for a trusted compounding pharmacy that is experienced with LDN. |
*While the treatment types and supplements listed are common recommendations by many practitioners, ThyroidChange cannot be responsible for any outcome. Always work with a qualified practitioner for your individualized treatment plan.
Do You Have Nutrient Deficiencies?
Many people with thyroid conditions have vitamin and mineral deficiencies which can affect the conversion and utilization of thyroid hormone. Physicians are finding that low levels of vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, iron, and/or ferritin are often concurrent with thyroid disease in their patients [30-33]. Supplementation is usually required to correct a deficiency and should be monitored by a qualified physician to achieve optimal levels and to avoid excess.
The following items are treatments for the most common nutrient deficiencies in thyroid patients. Proper testing will establish the amount needed for supplementation. |
Nutrient Deficiency |
Description |
Recommendation* |
Vitamin D |
|
Seeking Health Optimal Vitamin D3 Liquid Thorne Research Vitamin D3 NOTE: D3 (cholecalciferol), versus D2 (ergocalciferal), is preferred for increasing vitamin D levels [16]. |
Vitamin B12 |
|
aSquared Nutrition Methyl B12 Drops Bio-Tech B12-Methyl NOTE: Sublingual methylcobalamin, is best absorbed, second only to injection [18]. 40% of patients with B12 deficiencies have a MTHFR gene polymorphism; therefore, should be screened [19]. |
B Complex |
|
Ortho Molecular B Complex Core Med Science Active B-Complex NOTE: Biotin (Vitamin B7) may cause falsely high or falsely low results in a variety of lab tests, including thyroid tests. It's recommended to stop taking biotin 3-5 days prior to lab testing. [34]. |
Iodine |
|
J. Crow's Lugol's Solution of Iodine, 2% Life Extension Sea-Iodine NOTE: Iodine supplementation often requires companion nutrients and salt loading. See The Guide to Supplementing with Iodine by Dr. Stephanie Buist. |
Iron and Ferritin |
|
Ancestral Supplements Grass Fed Beef Liver Solgar Gentle Iron NOTES: Vitamin C should be taken at the same time as your iron supplement to increase iron's absorption. Iron should be taken 4 or more hours apart from thyroid medication since it can block absorption. |
Magnesium |
|
Integrative Therapeutics Magnesium Glycinate Plus Pure Micronutrients Magnesium Glycinate NOTE: Many patients prefer magnesium glycinate as it is the most tolerated form for the stomach. |
Zinc |
|
Douglas Laboratories Zinc Picolinate Thorne Zinc Picolinate NOTE: Look for zinc picolinate as it is high absorbable. Always take with a meal to prevent nausea. |
*While the treatment types and supplements listed are common recommendations by many practitioners, ThyroidChange cannot be responsible for any outcome. Always work with a qualified practitioner for your individualized treatment plan.
Do You Have Adrenal Fatigue?
Often accompanying thyroid disease is adrenal dysfunction, also known as "adrenal fatigue". Adrenal dysfunction can be defined as imbalanced cortisol levels that exist between Cushing’s disease (life-threatening high cortisol presentation) and Addison’s disease (life-threatening presentation of low cortisol) [21-23].
When cortisol levels are not optimal, thyroid hormone may not be utilized properly and a patient may experience heart-racing, over-stimulation, and increased fatigue when beginning thyroid medication. Adequate cortisol levels must be in place for a patient to successfully tolerate thyroid hormone [24, 34]. Therefore, many physicians will treat adrenal issues before/ or in conjunction with the treatment of thyroid hormone imbalance. Treatment for adrenal dysfunction depends on the severity of high or low cortisol and should always be monitored by your healthcare provider. Recommended testing is located here. |
Treatment |
Description |
Recommendation* |
Adaptogens |
|
Gaia Adrenal Health Innate Response Formulas Adrenal Response NOTE: Each adaptogenic herb has its own properties, but blends are available to cover multiple bases. Ashwaghanda can improve thyroid function. You may need to lower your thyroid medication as you begin taking this herb [31]. |
Nutritional Support |
|
Dr. Wilson's Super Adrenal Stress Formula Thorne Research Stress B Complex Thorne Buffered Vitamin C Integrative Therapeutics Phosphatidylserine Life Extension CoQ10 NOTE: Phosphatidylserine is used primarily to lower cortisol. Do not use if you have low cortisol. |
Glandulars |
|
Dr. Wilson's Adrenal Rebuilder Vital Nutrients Adrenal Support Ortho Molecular Adren-All NOTE: Always work with a qualified practitioner and test using a 4xs/day saliva cortisol test or the DUTCH to assess cortisol patterns throughout the day. Glandular supplementation can make a high cortisol pattern worse. |
Hydrocortisone (HC) |
|
Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Hydrocortone) NOTE: Hydrocortisone can be difficult to wean off of for some patients. Therefore, always work with a qualified physician experienced in prescribing and treating adrenal dysfunction. |
*While the treatment types and supplements listed are common recommendations by many practitioners, ThyroidChange cannot be responsible for any outcome. Always work with a qualified practitioner for your individualized treatment plan.
Do You Have Leaky Gut Syndrome?
Thyroid health is dependent on optimal gut health. The "tight junctions" within the stomach lining are designed to seal stomach contents from the bloodstream. Over time and with irritation, they may "loosen" and allow unintended molecules to pass through the stomach lining causing systemic inflammation and stimulate an immune system reaction. This is also known as intestinal permeability or "leaky gut".
If leaky gut is not addressed and healed, it can be a root cause to thyroid conditions, food sensitivities, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, eczema, adrenal fatigue, depression, anxiety, ADHD, nutrient malabsorption and autoimmune disease [33]. |
Be sure to avoid gluten and to address food sensitivities if you are trying to heal intestinal permeability [6]. Following an autoimmune Paleo diet is often suggested. The following supplements are commonly used to address intestinal permeability:
Treatment Option |
Description |
Recommendation* |
Probiotics |
|
VSL 3 Klaire Labs Ther-Biotic Complete Renew Life Ultimate Flora NOTE: Rotate probiotics every few months to populate a variety of strains in the intestinal tract. Aim for a multi-strain brand that has at least 50 billion colony-forming units [4]. |
Restore |
|
Restore NOTE: Take Restore thirty minutes before a meal because of Restore's protective effects against gluten and sensitivities [39]. |
Digestive Enzymes |
|
Ortho Molecular - Ortho Digestzyme Rainbow Light Advanced Enzyme System NOTE: If you have a gluten or dairy sensitivity, you can buy a digestive enzyme targeted for that use. Broad spectrum enzymes available [40]. |
L-Glutamine |
|
Jarrow L-Glutamine Powder Thorne L-Glutamine Powder NOTE: Some people may experience anxiety or heart racing with L-Glutamine. If this happens, it is advised to start at a very small amount and increase slowly. |
Licorice Root |
|
Designs for Health Gastro-Mend Integrative Therapeutics Rhizinate NOTE: Look for licorice root that is deglycyrrhizinated (or DGL). This form of licorice has glycyrrhizin removed. Glycyrrhizin can cause edema and hypertension in some individuals. |
Quercetin |
|
Jarrow Quercetin Thorne Research Quercetin Phytosome NOTE: Use caution if you take Quercetin with antibiotics, chemotherapy, or blood-thinner medications, as it may reduce their effectiveness. |
*While the treatment types and supplements listed are common recommendations by many practitioners, ThyroidChange cannot be responsible for any outcome. Always work with a qualified practitioner for your individualized treatment plan.
Do You Have a Sex Hormone Imbalance?
Your body is composed of a variety of different hormones, including growth and sex hormones, which also impact thyroid hormone function and vice versa. Aging is associated with a loss of sex hormones and there are many conditions that cause sex hormone issues in both younger men and women. An imbalance of one hormone lends to other hormonal imbalances. Untreated thyroid disease can often lead to testosterone imbalances, low progesterone/estrogen dominance and symptoms/conditions such as PCOS, low libido, infertility, endometriosis, etc. [27-28]. If it is determined that sex hormone levels are low, the physician may prescribe either bioidentical or synthetic hormones to help achieve optimal levels.
|
Bioidentical hormone replacement therapies (BHRT) are biochemically identical to the hormones made in the body. BHRT is usually derived from natural sources such as wild yam and most forms are available by compounded prescriptions Many practitioners prefer BHRT over synthetic formulations for optimal hormone balance and for the array of dosages and delivery systems available [29].
Treatment |
Description |
Option* |
Pregnenolone |
|
Douglas Laboratories Pregnenolone Ortho-Molecular Pregnenolone NOTE: Buy pregnenolone that states "pregnenolone" as the ingredient, rather than wild yam or diosgenin. Wild yam contains diosgenin that must be converted in a laboratory to make pregnenolone. |
DHEA |
|
Douglas Laboratories DHEA Ortho-Molecular DHEA NOTE: DHEA should be taken on a temporary basis while addressing the true cause of the dysfunction such as adrenal stress (52). |
Estrogen Including estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and estetrol (E4). |
|
Replacement therapy includes patches, transdermal methods, vaginal suppositories, rings, etc. Discuss with your doctor about available options. While prescription bioidentical formulas are preferred, a widely used over-the-counter bioidentical transdermal cream is available: Emerita Estriol Natural-Balancing Cream. |
Progesterone Including progestin and progesterone. |
|
Replacement therapy includes patches, transdermal methods, vaginal suppositories, rings, etc. Discuss with your doctor about available options. While prescription bioidentical formulas are preferred, a widely used over-the-counter bioidentical transdermal cream is available: Emerita Pro-Gest Cream |
Testosterone |
|
Replacement therapy includes patches, transdermal methods, injections, and subcutaneous pellets. Discuss with your doctor about available options. While prescription formulas are preferred, a widely used over-the-counter herbal formula is available: Prime Labs Testosterone Booster |
Hormone-Balancing Supplements |
|
Gaia Herbs Chaste Tree Berry Gaia Maca Root Gaia Black Cohosh New Chapter Estrotone Himalaya Shatavari Allergy Research Group DIM |
*While the treatment types, prescription options and supplements are common recommendations by many practitioners, ThyroidChange cannot be responsible for any outcome. Always work with a qualified practitioner for your individualized treatment plan.
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References:
1. Ventura, M, Melo, M, Carrilho, F. Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. International Journal of Endocrinology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307254/.
2. Amy Myers, MD. 4 Essential Nutrients to Reverse Hashimoto's. https://www.amymyersmd.com/post_campaigns/4-essential-nutrients-reverse-hashimotos-2/.
3. Westin Childs, DO. 8 Early Symptoms of Selenium Deficiency and Your Next Steps. https://www.restartmed.com/selenium-deficiency/.
4. Izablla Wentz, PharmD. Which Supplements Actually Help Hashimoto's? https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/which-supplements-actually-help-hashimotos/.
5. Mori K, Nakagawa Y, Ozaki H. Does the Gut Microbiota Trigger Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? Discovery Medicine. 2012 Nov;14(78):321-6.
http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Kouki-Mori/2012/11/27/does-the-gut-microbiota-trigger-hashimotos-thyroiditis/.
6. Amy Myers, MD. 3 Important Reasons to Give Up Gluten If You Have an Autoimmune Disease. https://www.amymyersmd.com/2018/04/3-reasons-give-up-gluten-autoimmune-disease/.
7. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk. Nutrients. 2011 Apr 14;3(4):442-74. http://www.mdpi.com/20726643/3/4/442/htm.
8. Pegel K. Moducare.com. A Brief History and Mode of Action. 2002. http://www.moducare.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/moducare-summary-of-research.pdf
9. Olivera A, et al. Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway by the Curcumin Analog, 3, 5-Bis (2-pyridinylmethylidene)-4-piperidone (EF31): Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Properties. International immunopharmacology. 2012 Feb 1;12(2):368-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372981/.
10. Deshpande, et al. 2002. Effect of Antioxidants (Vitamin C, E and Turmeric Extract) on Methimazole Induced Hypothyroidism in Rats.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587721.
11. Jiao Y, et al. Curcumin, A cancer Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Agent, Is A Biologically Active Iron Chelator. Blood. 2009 Jan 8;113(2):462-9. http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/2/462.short?sso-checked=true.
12. Dr. Ronald Hoffman, MD. Intelligent Medicine. Plant Sterols and Sterolins: Potential Immune System Modulators.
https://drhoffman.com/article/plant-sterols-and-sterolins-potential-immune-system-modulators-2/.
13. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 Fatty Acids In Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 Dec 1;21(6):495-505.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248.
14. National Academy of Hypothyroidism. Treating Autoimmune Thyroid Disease With LDN. http://www.nahypothyroidism.org/treating-autoimmune-thyroid-disease-with-ldn/.
15. Aranow, Cynthia. Vitamin D and the Immune System. Journal of Investigative Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/.
16. Mohammed, A, Mackawy, H, et al. Vitamind D Deficiency and its Association with Thyroid Disease. Internationl Journal of Health Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921055/.
17. Jabbar, A, Yawar, A, et al. Vitamin B12 Deficiency Common in Primary Hypothyroidism. J Pak Med Assoc. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655403.
18. Mayo Clinic. Vitamin B12. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-b12/art-20363663.
19. Holtorf, K. Common Nutrient Deficiencies. Holtorf Medical Group. https://www.holtorfmed.com/common-nutrient-deficiencies-in-thyroid-disease/.
20. Shiran, A, Remer, E, Asmer, I, et al. Association of B12 Deficiency with Homozygosity of the TT MTHFR C677T Genotype, Hyperhomocysteinemia, and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction, Israeli Medical Association Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26137654.
21. American Thyroid Association. Iodine Deficiency. https://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency.
22. Kresser, C. Iodine for Hypothyroidism: Critical Nutrient or Harmful Toxin?. Chris Kresser.com. https://chriskresser.com/iodine-for-hypothyroidism-like-gasoline-on-a-fire/.
23. Trentini, D. Could You Be Deficient in Vitamin B12?. Hypothyroid Mom. https://hypothyroidmom.com/could-you-be-deficient-in-vitamin-b12/.
24. Parker, N. The Iron Thyroid. National Academy of Hypothyroidism. https://www.nahypothyroidism.org/thyroid-iron-cycle/.
25. WHO. Calcium and Magnesium in Water: Public Health Significance. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43836/9789241563550_eng.pdf;jsessionid=1571ADB845FA228DE542EA01DB42D402?sequence=1.
26. Grober, U, Schmidt, J, Kisters, K. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404370
27. Ambooken, B., Binitha, MP., Sarita, S., Zinc Deficiency Associated with Hypothyroidism: An Overlooked Cause of Severe Alopecia. International Journal of Trichology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746228/.
28. Hsu JM, Root AW, Duckett GE, Smith JC Jr, Yunice AA, Kepford G. The Effect of Magnesium Depletion on Thyroid Function in Rats. J Nutr. 1984 Aug;114(8):1510-7. PubMed PMID: 6747732. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6747732.
29. Jones JE, Desper PC, Shane SR, Flink EB. Magnesium Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. The Journal of clinical investigation. 1966 Jun 1;45(6):891-900. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC292768/.
30. Panossian A, Wikman G. Effects of Adaptogens on the Central Nervous System and the Molecular Mechanisms Associated With Their Stress—Protective Activity. Pharmaceuticals. 2010 Jan 19;3(1):188-224. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/3/1/188/htm.
31. Panda S, Kar A. Changes in Thyroid Hormone Concentrations After Administration of Ashwagandha Root Extract to Adult Male Mice. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. 1998 Sep 1;50(9):1065-8. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb06923.x.
32. Lam, M., Adrenal Fatigue and Cortisone Supplements Part I. DrLam.com. https://www.drlam.com/blog/adrenal-fatigue-and-cortisol-supplements-part-1/26011/.
33. Axe, J., Top 10 Leaky Gut Supplements. DrAxe.com. https://draxe.com/leaky-gut-supplements/.
34. Cohen. S. How Biotin Impacts Your Thyroid. https://suzycohen.com/articles/biotin-increases-thyroid-hormone/.
35. Nikolas Hedberg Functional Medicine. Simple Supplements for Hypothyroidism. https://drhedberg.com/simple-supplements-for-hypothyroidism/.
36. Holtorf Medical Group. Treating Adrenal Dysfunction with Cortisol. https://www.holtorfmed.com/treating-adrenal-dysfunction-with-cortisol/.
37. Hemarajata, P, and Versalovic, J. Effects of Probiotics on Gut Microbiota: Mechanisms of Intestinal Immunomodulation and Neuromodulation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3539293/.
38. Wentz, I. The Best Probiotics for Hashimoto's. ThyroidPharmacist.com. https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/the-four-best-probiotics-for-hashimotos/.
39. RESORE Function/Usage Guidelines. http://blog.restore4life.com/restore-function-usage-guidelines/.
40. Dr. Axe. Top 10 Leaky Gut Supplements. https://draxe.com/leaky-gut-supplements/.
41. Ding, L. and Li, J. Effects of Glutamine on Interstinal Permeability and Bacterial Translocation in TPN-rats with Endotoxemia. World Journal of Gastroenterology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12800250
42. Parry-Billings, M., Dimitriadis, G., Leighton, B., et al. Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Glutamine Metabolism by Skeletal Muscle of the Rat. Biochemical Journal https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1149701/.
43. Mercola, J. What is Licorice Root Good For?. Mercola.com. https://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2016/03/21/licorice-root-uses.aspx.
44. Kresser, C. Can Quercetin Heal Leaky Gut? https://chriskresser.com/quercetin-heal-leaky-gut/.
45. WebMD. Which Type of Estrogen Therapy Is Right For You? https://www.webmd.com/menopause/guide/which-type-of-estrogen-hormone-therapy-is-right-for-you#4.
46. Santin AP, Furlanetto TW. The Role of Estrogen in Thyroid Function and Growth Regulation. Journal of Thyroid Research. 2011;2011. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3113168/.
47. Akwa Y, Young J, Kabbadj K, et al. Neurosteroids: Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Function of Pregnenolone and Dehydroepiandrosterone in the Brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1991;40(1-3):71-81. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0960076091901696.
48. Havlikova H, Hill M, Hampl R, Starka L. Sex- and Age-Related Changes in Epitestosterone in Relation to Pregnenolone Sulfate and Testosterone in Normal Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2225-31. https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/87/5/2225/2847192.
49. Nikolas Hedberg Functional Medicine. Investigating the Hormone-Thyroid Connection. https://drhedberg.com/hormone-thyroid-connection.
50. Sathi, P. et al. Progesterone Therapy Increases Free Thyroxine Levels. Clin Endocrine (Oxf). 2013 Aug;79(2):282-7. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cen.12128.
51. Nikolas Hedberg Functional Medicine. Investigating The Hormone-Thyroid Connection. Function Medicine.https://drhedberg.com/hormone-thyroid-connection/.
52. Natural Endocrine Solutions. Can Taking DHEA Help With a Thyroid Condition? http://www.naturalendocrinesolutions.com/articles/dhea-thyroid-condition/.
53. Mayo JL. Black Cohosh and Chasteberry: Herbs Valued By Women for Centuries. target. 1998;19:226. http://www.acudoc.com/black_cohosh_and_chasteberry.PDF.
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DISCLAIMER: The information contained on the website and social media pages of ThyroidChange is for general information only and is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. ThyroidChange, guest writers, and partners are NOT responsible or liable for any advice or course of treatment that visitors choose to embark on. You are encouraged to review any information obtained through ThyroidChange with your healthcare practitioner.
1. Ventura, M, Melo, M, Carrilho, F. Selenium and Thyroid Disease: From Pathophysiology to Treatment. International Journal of Endocrinology. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5307254/.
2. Amy Myers, MD. 4 Essential Nutrients to Reverse Hashimoto's. https://www.amymyersmd.com/post_campaigns/4-essential-nutrients-reverse-hashimotos-2/.
3. Westin Childs, DO. 8 Early Symptoms of Selenium Deficiency and Your Next Steps. https://www.restartmed.com/selenium-deficiency/.
4. Izablla Wentz, PharmD. Which Supplements Actually Help Hashimoto's? https://thyroidpharmacist.com/articles/which-supplements-actually-help-hashimotos/.
5. Mori K, Nakagawa Y, Ozaki H. Does the Gut Microbiota Trigger Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis? Discovery Medicine. 2012 Nov;14(78):321-6.
http://www.discoverymedicine.com/Kouki-Mori/2012/11/27/does-the-gut-microbiota-trigger-hashimotos-thyroiditis/.
6. Amy Myers, MD. 3 Important Reasons to Give Up Gluten If You Have an Autoimmune Disease. https://www.amymyersmd.com/2018/04/3-reasons-give-up-gluten-autoimmune-disease/.
7. Hurley WL, Theil PK. Perspectives on Immunoglobulins in Colostrum and Milk. Nutrients. 2011 Apr 14;3(4):442-74. http://www.mdpi.com/20726643/3/4/442/htm.
8. Pegel K. Moducare.com. A Brief History and Mode of Action. 2002. http://www.moducare.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/moducare-summary-of-research.pdf
9. Olivera A, et al. Inhibition of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway by the Curcumin Analog, 3, 5-Bis (2-pyridinylmethylidene)-4-piperidone (EF31): Anti-inflammatory and Anti-cancer Properties. International immunopharmacology. 2012 Feb 1;12(2):368-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3372981/.
10. Deshpande, et al. 2002. Effect of Antioxidants (Vitamin C, E and Turmeric Extract) on Methimazole Induced Hypothyroidism in Rats.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587721.
11. Jiao Y, et al. Curcumin, A cancer Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Agent, Is A Biologically Active Iron Chelator. Blood. 2009 Jan 8;113(2):462-9. http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/113/2/462.short?sso-checked=true.
12. Dr. Ronald Hoffman, MD. Intelligent Medicine. Plant Sterols and Sterolins: Potential Immune System Modulators.
https://drhoffman.com/article/plant-sterols-and-sterolins-potential-immune-system-modulators-2/.
13. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 Fatty Acids In Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 Dec 1;21(6):495-505.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248.
14. National Academy of Hypothyroidism. Treating Autoimmune Thyroid Disease With LDN. http://www.nahypothyroidism.org/treating-autoimmune-thyroid-disease-with-ldn/.
15. Aranow, Cynthia. Vitamin D and the Immune System. Journal of Investigative Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166406/.
16. Mohammed, A, Mackawy, H, et al. Vitamind D Deficiency and its Association with Thyroid Disease. Internationl Journal of Health Science. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3921055/.
17. Jabbar, A, Yawar, A, et al. Vitamin B12 Deficiency Common in Primary Hypothyroidism. J Pak Med Assoc. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18655403.
18. Mayo Clinic. Vitamin B12. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-vitamin-b12/art-20363663.
19. Holtorf, K. Common Nutrient Deficiencies. Holtorf Medical Group. https://www.holtorfmed.com/common-nutrient-deficiencies-in-thyroid-disease/.
20. Shiran, A, Remer, E, Asmer, I, et al. Association of B12 Deficiency with Homozygosity of the TT MTHFR C677T Genotype, Hyperhomocysteinemia, and Endothelial Cell Dysfunction, Israeli Medical Association Journal. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26137654.
21. American Thyroid Association. Iodine Deficiency. https://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency.
22. Kresser, C. Iodine for Hypothyroidism: Critical Nutrient or Harmful Toxin?. Chris Kresser.com. https://chriskresser.com/iodine-for-hypothyroidism-like-gasoline-on-a-fire/.
23. Trentini, D. Could You Be Deficient in Vitamin B12?. Hypothyroid Mom. https://hypothyroidmom.com/could-you-be-deficient-in-vitamin-b12/.
24. Parker, N. The Iron Thyroid. National Academy of Hypothyroidism. https://www.nahypothyroidism.org/thyroid-iron-cycle/.
25. WHO. Calcium and Magnesium in Water: Public Health Significance. World Health Organization. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43836/9789241563550_eng.pdf;jsessionid=1571ADB845FA228DE542EA01DB42D402?sequence=1.
26. Grober, U, Schmidt, J, Kisters, K. Magnesium in Prevention and Therapy. Nutrients. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404370
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